----- Forwarded message from Hsing Lee  -----
    Date: Mon, 08 Sep 2003 14:49:58 -0700
    From: Hsing Lee 
Reply-To: shermanaustinlegal@lists.riseup.net
 Subject: [shermanaustinlegal] A primer for speechwriting
      To: shermanaustinlegal@lists.riseup.net

Below is the appendix to the CIA training manual Psychological Operations In 
Guerrilla Warfare.  it's an excellent tool to use for writing, speeches, and 
for dissecting government propaganda.  Take a look at it, and make note of how 
many of these tools were used in Bush's speech last night.  It's not just Bush 
though... this manual has become a bible for ALL politicos the world over. It's 
based on Che Guevara's work.

Bush is literally using communist propaganda techniques on the American public.

Note that as I myself keep stating, sound bites, that is to say, two minutes 
instead of two hours is what you should always aim for.  The litmus test which 
proves which method works and which doesn't is the number of countries whose 
leaders the USA has overthrown using these techniques...

APPENDIX

 

The purpose of this appendix is to complement the guidelines and

recommendations to the propagandist-guerrillas expressed under the topic of

"Techniques of Persuasion in Talks and Speeches," to improve the ability to

organize and express thoughts for those who wish to perfect their oratorical

abilities. After all, oratory is one of the most valuable resources for

exercising leadership. Oratory can be used, then, as an extraordinary political

tool.

 

2. The Audience

 

Oratory is simultaneous communication par excellence, i.e., the orator and

his audience share the same time and space. Therefore, every speech should be a

different experience at "that" moment or particular situation which the

audience is experiencing and which influences them. So the audience must be

considered as "a state of mind." Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, etc., are

states of mind that we must consider to exist in our audience, and it is the

atmosphere that affects the target public.

 

The human being is made up of a mind and soul; he acts in accordance with his

thoughts and sentiments and responds to stimuli of ideas and emotions. In that

way there exist only two possible focuses in any plan, including speeches: the

concrete, based on rational appeals, i.e., to thinking; and the idealized,

with emotional appeals, i.e., to sentiment.

 

For his part the orator, although he must be sensitive to the existing mass

sentiment, he must at the same time keep his cold judgment to be able to lead

and control effectively the feelings of an audience. When in the oratorical

momentum the antithesis between heart and brain comes about, judgment should

always prevail, characteristic of a leader.

 

3. Political Oratory

 

Political oratory is one of the various forms of oratory, and it usually

fulfills one of three objectives: to instruct, persuade, or move; and its

method is reduced to urging (asking), ordering, questioning and responding.

 

Oratory is a quality so tied to political leadership that it can be said that

the history of political orators is the political history of humanity, an

affirmation upheld by names such as Cicero, Demosthenes, Danton, Mirabeau,

Robespierre, Clemenceau, Lenin, Trotsky, Mussolini, Hitler, Roosevelt, etc.

 

4. Qualities in a Speech

 

In general terms, the most appreciated qualities of a speech, and specifically a

political speech in the context of the psychological action of the armed

struggle, are the following:

 

* Be brief and concise A length of five minutes [line missing in Spanish

text]...that of the orator who said: "If you want a two-hour speech, I'll start

right now; if you want a two-minute one, let me think awhile."

 

* Centered on the theme The speech should be structured by a set of organized

ideas that converge on the theme. A good speech is expressed by concepts and

not only with words.

 

* Logic The ideas presented should be logical and easily acceptable. never

challenge logic in the mind of the audience, since immediately the main thing

is lost - credibility. As far as possible, it is recommended that all speeches

be based on a syllogism, which the orator should adjust in his exposition.

For example: "Those governing get rich and are thieves; the Sandinistas have

enriched themselves governing; then, the Sandinistats are thieves." This could

be the point of a speech on the administrative corruption of the regime. When

an idea or a set of guiding ideas do not exist in a speech, confusion and

dispersion easily arise.

 

5. Structure of a Speech

 

Absolute improvisation does not exist in oratory. All orators have a "mental

plan" that allows them to organize their ideas and concepts rapidly; with

practice it is possible to come to do this in a few seconds, almost

simultaneously with the  expression of the word.

 

The elements that make up a speech are given below, in a structure that we

recommend always putting into practice, to those who wish to more and more

improve their oratorical abilities:

 

* Introduction or Preamble One enters into contact with the public, a

personal introduction can be made or one of the movement to which we belong, the

reason for our presence, etc. In these first seconds it is important to make an

impact,  attracting  attention and provoking interest among the audience. For

that purpose, there are resources such as beginning with a famous phrase or a

previously prepared slogan, telling a dramatic or humorous story, etc.

 

* Purpose or Enunciation The subject to be dealt with is defined, explained as a

whole or by parts.

 

* Appraisal or Argumentation Arguments are presented, EXACTLY IN THIS ORDER:

First, the negative arguments, or against the thesis that is going to be

upheld, and then the positive arguments, or favorable ones to our thesis,

immediately adding proof or facts that sustain such arguments.

 

* Recapitulation or Conclusion A short summary is made and the conclusions of

the speech are spelled out.

 

* Exhortation Action by the public is called for, i.e., they are asked in and

almost energetic manner to do or not to do something.

 

6. Some Literary Resources

 

Although there exist typically oratorical devices of diction, in truth, oratory

has taken from other literary genres a large number of devices, several of

which often, in an unconscious manner, we use in our daily expressions and even

in our speeches.

 

Below we enunciate many of their literary devices in frequent use in oratory,

recommending to those interested moderate use of them, since an orator who

over-uses the literary device loses authenticity and sounds untrue.

 

The devices that are used the most in oratory are those obtained through the

repetition of words in particular periods of the speech, such as:

 

Anaphora, or repetition of a word at the beginning of each sentence, e.g.,

"Freedom for the poor, freedom for the rich, freedom for all." In the

reiteration, repetition is of a complete sentence (slogan) insistently through

the speech, e.g., "With God and patriotism we will overcome Communism

because...:

 

Conversion is the repetition at the end of every phrase, e.g.: "Sandinismo

tries to be about everyone, dominate everyone, command everyone, and as an

absolute tyranny, do away with everyone."

 

In the emphasis, repetition is used at the beginning and at the end of the

clause, e.g., "Who brought the Russian-Cuban intervention? The Sandinistas. And

who is engaged in arms trafficking with the neighboring countries? The

Sandinistas. And who  is  proclaiming to be in favor of nonintervention? The

Sandinistas."

 

Reduplication, when the phrase begins with the same word that ends the previous

one. For example: "We struggle for democracy, democracy and social justice."

The concatenation is a chain made up of duplications. For example: "Communism

transmits the deception of the child to the young man, of the young man to

the adult, and of the adult to the old man."

 

In the antithesis or word play, the same words are used with a different

meaning to give an ingenious effect: e.g., "The greatest wealth of every human

being is his own freedom, because slaves will always be poor but we poor can

have the wealth of our freedom."

 

Similar cadences, through the use of verbs of the same tense and person, or

nouns of the same number and case. For example: "Those of us who are struggling

we will be marching because he who perseveres achieves, and he who gives up

remains."

 

Use of synonyms, repetition of words with a similar meaning. For example: "We

demand a Nicaragua for all, without exceptions, without omissions."

 

Among the figures of speech most used in oratory are:

 

Comparison or simile, which sets the relationship of similarity between two

or more beings or things. For example: "Because we love Christ, we love his

bishops and pastors," and "Free as a bird."

 

Antithesis, or the counter position of words, ideas, or phrases of an opposite

meaning. For example: "They promised freedom and gave slavery; that they would

distribute the wealth and they have distributed poverty; that they would bring

peace, and they have brought about war."

 

Among the logic figures are the following:

 

Concession, which is a skillful way to concede something to the adversary in

order to better emphasize the inappropriate aspects, through the use of

expressions such as: but, however, although, nevertheless, in spite of the fact

that, etc. For example: "The mayor here has been honest, but he is not the

one controlling all the money of the nation." It is an effective form of

rebuttal when the opinion of the audience is not entirely ours.

 

Permission, in which one apparently accedes to something, when in reality it is

rejected. For example: "Do not protest, but sabotage them." "Talk quietly, but

tell it to everyone."

 

Prolepsis is an anticipated refutation. For example: "Some will think that they

are only promises; they will say, others said the same thing, but no. We are

different, we are Christians, we consider God a witness to our words."

 

Preterition is an artifice, pretending discretion when something is said with

total clarity and indiscretion. For example: "If I were not obligated to keep

military secrets, I would tell all of you of the large amount of armaments that

we have so that you would feel even more confidence that our victory is

assured."

 

Communication is a way to ask and give the answer to the same question. For

example: "If they show disrespect for the ministers of God, will they respect

us, simple citizens? Never."

 

Rhetorical questions are a way in which one shows perplexity or inability to

say something, only as an oratorical recourse. For example: "I am only a

peasant and can tell you little. I know little and I will not be able to explain

to you the complicated things of politics. Therefore, I talk to you with my

heart, with my simple peasant's heart, as we all are."

 

Litotes is a form of meaning a lot by saying little. For example: "The nine

commanders have stolen little, just the whole country."

 

Irony consists of getting across exactly the opposite of what one is saying.

For example: "The divine mobs that threaten and kill, they are indeed

Christians."

 

Amplification is presenting an idea from several angles. For example:

"Political votes are the power of the people in a democracy. And economic votes

are their power in the economy. Buying or not buying something, the majorities

decide what should be produced. For something to be produced or to disappear.

That is part of economic democracy."

 

The most usual plaintive figures of speech are:

 

Deprecation or entreaty to obtain something. For example: "Lord, free us from

the yoke. Give us freedom."

 

Imprecation or threat, expressing a sentiment in view of the unjust or

hopeless. For example: "Let there be a Homeland for all or let there be a

Homeland for no one."

 

Conmination, similar to the previous one, presents a bad wish for the rest. For

example, "Let them drown in the abyss of their own corruption."

 

The apostrophe consists of addressing oneself towards something supernatural or

inanimate as if it were a living being. For example: "Mountains of

Nicaragua, make the seed of freedom grow."

 

Interrogation consists of asking a question of oneself, to give greater

emphasis to what is expressed. It is different from communication, since it

gives the answer and is of a logical and not a plaintive nature. For example:

"If they have already injured the members of my family, my friends, my

peasant brothers, do I have any path other than brandishing a weapon?"

 

Reticence consists of leaving a thought incomplete, intentionally, so that

mentally the audience completes it. For example, "They promised political

pluralism and gave totalitarianism. They promised political pluralism and gave

totalitarianism. They  promised social justice, and they have increased

poverty. They offered freedom of thought, and they have given censorship. Now,

what they promise the world are free elections..."

 


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